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References & Sources

Card content was reviewed and updated against the following standard epidemiology texts and authoritative public-health sources:

  1. Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellström T. Basic Epidemiology, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006. WHO publication online.
  2. Gordis L. Epidemiology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2014.
  3. Van den Broeck J, Brestoff JR, eds. Epidemiology: Principles and Practical Guidelines. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5989-3.

  4. Aschengrau A, Seage G. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health. 5th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2026. ISBN: 9781284286663.

  5. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, 3rd ed. Atlanta: CDC, 2012. CDC self-study course.
  6. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
  7. Hernán MA, Robins JM. Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall / CRC, 2020. Author's site.
  8. Hill AB. The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1965;58(5):295–300. PMC1898525.
  9. Rothman KJ. Causes. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1976;104(6):587–592 PMC998606.
  10. Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  11. Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology, 2004;15(5):615–625.
  12. World Health Organization. Commission on Social Determinants of Health — Final Report. Geneva: WHO, 2008. WHO record.
  13. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One Health. cdc.gov/one-health.
  14. Omran AR. The Epidemiologic Transition: A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 1971;49(4):509–538.
  15. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, et al., eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (current version). Cochrane Training.

Where individual cards cite landmark methodological papers (e.g., Kaplan & Meier 1958, Mantel & Haenszel 1959, Cox 1972, Rosenbaum & Rubin 1983, Hernán & Robins 2016), full citations appear on the back of those cards.

Epi Flashcards by Rene F. Najera, MPH, DrPH, FCPP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

You are free to share and adapt this material for non-commercial purposes, provided that you give appropriate credit, indicate any changes, and do not impose additional restrictions. Commercial use requires written permission from the author.